Analogy - Based Reasoning 1

Introduction making the appropriate lower-order substitutions. For examAnalogy is important to connectionism by reasons of affinity ple, Clement and Gentner (1991) showed people analogous stories and asked them to state which of two assertions shared and difference : affinity because analogical reasoning lays claim by base and target was most important to the match . Subjects o connectionist advantages, like representation completion, chose the assertion connected to matching causal antecedents . similarity-based generalization, graceful degradation, and learnTheir choice was based on both the goodness of the local match 'ing (Barnden, 1994); difference because analogy is a structureand its connection to a larger matching system . This finding sensitive process that involves the comparison of systems of demonstrates that analogies seek connected systems of relations elation between items in a domain, whereas connectionist ~rrather than isolated relational matches . models have concentrated on correlational representations that ~dre sensitive to the statistical structure of the input . For both Effects of structure are also seen in perceptual comparisons . reasons, modeling analogy will be a key challenge for connecLockhead and Pomerantz (1991) have reviewed studies demonsymmetry, systems . strating that higher-order perceptual relations, like sy met This chapter outlines four principles of analogy that have aid perceptual discriminations . Subjects could more easily dismehis from psychological four spumes principles serve to bath ve criminate between the stimuli ) and ( when they were presented models of comparison and can act as benchmarks for the develversus context of a third identical element, u, yielding a the higher-order opment of connectionist models . After summarizing the Q. The added component introdced a highe order principles, we discuss connectionist models of analogy . Our discussymmetry relation in the right pattern, making the two patterns sion takes place at Marr's informational and algorithmic levels, more dof re lation . These configural effects are evidence for at which cognition is explained in terms of representations and the role of relational structure in perceptual similarity.